Global and Chinese co-occurrence patterns association with socio-demographic index for congenital heart disease and Down syndrome, 1990–2021

Congenital heart disease (CHD) and Down syndrome (DS) are two major birth defects that severely impact the quality of life and survival of affected children. This study aimed to systematically assess the disease burden, spatial co-occurrence patterns, and associations with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) for CHD and DS globally and in China from 1990 to 2021.