Association between daily TV time and physical fitness in 6- to 14-year-old Austrian youth
Original Article

Association between daily TV time and physical fitness in 6- to 14-year-old Austrian youth

Klaus Greier1,2, Clemens Drenowatz3, Gerhard Ruedl1, Herbert Riechelmann4

1Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria;2Division of Physical Education, Private University of Education (KPH-ES), Stams, Austria;3Division of Physical Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria;4Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: K Greier; (II) Administrative support: K Greier; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: K Greier; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: K Greier, G Ruedl; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: C Drenowatz, H Riechelmann; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Clemens Drenowatz. Division of Physical Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Kaplanhofstrasse 40, A-4020 Linz, Austria. Email: clemens.drenowatz@ph-ooe.at.

Background: Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors have been associated with various health outcomes in youth, including overweight/obesity and physical fitness. Limited information, however, is available on the independent association between TV time and physical fitness in children and adolescents.

Methods: A total of 3,293 (55.1% male) youth between 6 and 14 years of age were randomly selected from 29 Austrian schools. Body weight and height were measured according to standard procedures and BMI percentiles were determined based on German reference values. Physical fitness was assessed with the German Motor test (DMT6-18), which evaluates cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, power, strength endurance, agility, speed and flexibility. Information on daily TV time and participation in club sports was obtained via standardized questionnaires.

Results: Participants were 9.8±2.3 years of age and almost half of them (48.5%) reported a TV time >2 hours/d. TV time increased significantly with age. High TV consumption was associated with significantly lower physical fitness and these results remained after adjusting for body weight. Youth exceeding current TV time recommendations had a 60% higher risk of having poor or very poor fitness compared to those with a TV time <2 hours/day.

Conclusions: High TV time is associated with poor physical fitness in youth. Accordingly, intervention strategies need to target a meaningful utilization of TV and other screen-based activities in addition to the promotion of PA in order to ensure sufficient physical fitness in youth.

Keywords: Screen time; sedentary behavior; motor competence; children; adolescents

Submitted Feb 01, 2019. Accepted for publication Mar 29, 2019.

doi: 10.21037/tp.2019.03.03

Introduction

Beneficial effects of regular and sufficient physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents on general development, health and well-being have been well documented (1-3). Active and physically fit children are less likely to be overweight or obese, have a higher bone mineral density and display healthier cardiovascular profiles (4-6). Health benefits also depend on intensity and type of PA (1), with moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), providing largest benefits (7,8).

With tremendous changes in the physical environment during the last decades, particularly in industrialized countries, youth are becoming increasingly more inactive (7-10). In addition to prolonged sitting times during school hours, a majority of children and adolescents engage in sedentary activities such as watching TV or playing computer games during their leisure time (11-13). Further, access to portable media (e.g., smartphones) has contributed to a rapid rise in screen time in youth (14). In light of this development, various studies have examined the negative consequences of high media consumption (15,16). It has been shown that physical inactivity, particularly in connection with high screen time, is associated with overweight and obesity in youth (17), which increases the risk for various chronic diseases (18,19). Already in the 1990’s it has been shown that youth who spend more than 5 hours per day in front of the TV have 3 times the risk for becoming obese compared to their peers who watch less than 2 hours per day (20). Subsequent research showed an association of excess screen time with compromised sleep duration and quality (21-23) as well as behavioral problems in children and adolescents (23-25).

In addition to a large number of youth exceeding current recommendations for screen time (26), many children and adolescents do not meet current PA recommendations of at least 60 minutes of MVPA per day (8,27). Low levels of PA and high amounts of sedentary time also lead to an increasing number of children with poor physical fitness and motor competence (28-30). As time spent watching TV is predominantly a sedentary pursuit (15,31), it can be speculated that TV time is independently associated with physical fitness and motor competence. The present study, therefore, examines the association between TV time and physical fitness in 6- to 14-year-old youth.

Methods

A total of 20 elementary schools (grades 1–4) and 14 middle schools (grades 5–8) from various districts in Western Austria were contacted regarding participation in the study. Two elementary schools and 4 middle schools declined to participate due to organizational problems resulting a final sample of 29 schools and a sample size of 3,293 (55.1% male) students between 6 and 14 years of age. Data collection occurred between September 2015 and December 2017. Prior to any data collection parents received information about the study and provided written informed consent. Participants provided oral assent at the time of data collection. The study was approved by the respective school boards and the Institutional Review Board of the University of Innsbruck, Austria.

Anthropometric measurements

Body weight (kg) and height (cm) were measured according to standard procedures. Specifically, body weight was measured via an electronic scale (GRUNDIG® 3710, Grundig AG, Germany) and height was measured with a portable stadiometer (SECA® 217, Seca, Germany) with children being bare feet and wearing gym clothes to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m2) and BMI percentiles were determined using German reference values (32). Subsequently, participants were classified as underweight (<10th percentile) normal weight (10th to 90th percentile), overweight (90th to 97th percentile) or obese (>97th percentile).

Physical fitness

Physical fitness was assessed with the German motor test (Deutscher Motorik Test, DMT6-18) (33) during regular opening hours of the school gym. The DMT6-18 is a standardized and validated test that consists of eight items: 20m sprint, backwards balancing, sideways jumping, standing long jump, sit ups, pushups, stand-and-reach test and 6-minute run. Accordingly, it provides information on speed, balance, agility, power, muscular strength and strength endurance as well as cardiorespiratory endurance. Tests were administered in random order, except for the 6-minute run, which was performed at the end of the measurement session. In addition to raw performance scores age- and sex-standardized scores were calculated based on a German reference sample (33) and the average across all individual tests was used as an overall fitness score. Further, participants were classified into five physical performance categories (extremely poor, poor, average, good, very good) based on their performance on the respective test (33).

Sedentary behavior and PA

A standardized questionnaire was used to assess activity behaviors. Questionnaires were completed by the parents/guardian for elementary school students while middle-school students reported the respective behaviors by themselves. In addition to the average daily TV time (hours/day) information on the presence of a TV in the participant’s bedroom was obtained. Based on current recommendations for TV time of less than 2 hours/d (34) participants were stratified into low TV time (<2 hours/d) and high TV time (>2 hours/d). Participants also reported whether they were members in any sports club along with average weekly training time.

Statistical analysis

For interval-scaled data, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated and for ordinal variables frequencies were tabulated. Group comparisons were made with the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U test, respectively, due to data distribution and ceiling effects. Relationships of temporal trends were tested with the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. The impact of TV consumption and BMI percentile on motor performance was assessed with multi-factorial analysis of variance considering interaction effects. Relationships of ordinal variables were tested with the chi-square test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to examine the association between fitness categories and TV time. The level of significance was set at P≤0.05. Statistical processing and analysis of the collected data was done with the statistics program SPSS, version 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Valid data was provided by 3,293 children and adolescents with an average age of 9.8±2.3 years. Average body weight was 39.1±13.9 kg and average height was 143.7±14.7 cm, resulting in an average BMI percentile of 57.4±29.8. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 19.5% with no difference between boys and girls. There was, however, a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity with increasing age (13.6% at 6 years to 28.6% at 14 years, P<0.01). Descriptive characteristics by age group and separately for males and females are displayed in Table 1.

Table 1
Table 1 Height, weight and BMI percentile of study participants by age and sex
Full table

Average TV time was 2.7±1.1 hours/d with 48.5% reporting more than 2 hours/d. Girls reported significantly lower TV time (2.6±1.1 hours/d) compared to boys (2.8±1.1, P<0.01). TV time increased significantly with age from 2.1±0.7 hours/d at the age of 6 to 4.1±1.5 hours/d at the age of 14 (Figure 1). Further, 52.6% had a TV in their bedroom and TV time was significantly higher in participants having a TV in their room compared to those who did not (3.1±1.2 vs. 2.3±1.2 hours/d, P<0.01). Club sports participation was reported by 48.5% of the participants (41% of girls, 59% of boys) and participation in club sports was associated with significantly lower TV time (P<0.01).

Figure 1 Daily TV consumption in hours per day (y-axis) as a function of age of study participants in years. The bars correspond to the 95% confidence intervals.

A total physical fitness score of 103.6±7.0 indicates slightly above average physical fitness in the total sample. Nevertheless, 20% of the participants displayed poor or very poor physical fitness. TV time was significantly associated with physical fitness (P<0.01). Youth watching TV for less than 1 hour/d had a fitness score of 104.9±6.6, while the fitness score of those watching more than 6 hours/d was 98.7±4.7 (Figure 2). Children and adolescents exceeding current recommendations of 2 hours/d further showed a 60% increased risk of having poor or very poor fitness compared to those meeting current recommendations for screen time (odds ratio =1.6; 95% CI: 1.4–1.9). The odds ratios for poor performance in the 8 test items in children watching more than 2 hours TV per day are depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 2 Z-score for physical fitness according to Bös et al. [2009] (y-axis) and daily TV consumption of study participants in hours (x-axis). The bars correspond to the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 3 Odds ratios (x-axis) for poor performance in 8 physical fitness test (y-axis) by >2 hours TV-time per day in 3,293 youth aged 6 to 14 years. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Overall, poor performance in total fitness scores was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4–1.9) times more likely in children watching more than 2 hours TV per day.

Additionally, high TV time was associated with a 50% increased risk for being overweight/obese compared to those with lower TV time (odds ratio =1.5; 95 CI: 1.3–1.8). Nevertheless, the associations between TV time and physical fitness remained significant after adjustment for BMI percentile in a multifactorial model (P<0.001).

Discussion

Several studies have shown a decline in physical fitness in youth over the last several decades (29,35-37). This can, at least partially, be attributed to declines in PA and increased body weight in children and adolescents (38-40). Further, sedentary pursuits such as watching TV or playing computer games have become popular leisure choices in youth (12). The increasing amount of daily TV time has also been associated with an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in youth (41). Limited information, however, is available on the association between TV time and physical fitness, independent of body weight. Given that high TV time most likely increases total sedentary time a direct link towards impaired physical fitness is plausible. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to examine the association between daily TV consumption on physical fitness in children and adolescents after adjusting for body weight.

Results of the present study show that youth spend a considerable time watching TV and that TV time increases with increasing age. Almost half of the participants reported TV time above the current recommendations of 2 hours/d and more than half of the participants had a TV in their bedroom. Having a TV in the bedroom was also associated with higher TV time. This is of particular concern as high TV time has been associated with increased chronic disease risk during childhood, adolescence and adulthood (42,43). Further, participants reporting higher TV time spent less time in club sports, which may indicate a lower engagement in overall PA. Data from the Health Behavior in School aged Children (HBSC) study also showed an inverse association between TV time and PA (44).

Consistent with previous research there was an inverse association between TV time and physical fitness (12,45,46). Of note, however, was that the negative association between TV time and physical fitness was independent of body weight. This may, at least partially, be attributed to the previously addressed inverse association between TV time and PA. In addition, excess TV time has been associated with impaired quality and quantity of sleep (21-23,47). Lack of sufficient sleep results in greater tiredness throughout the day (48,49), which potentially affects the motivation towards and active engagement in PA (50). Particularly at young ages, a wide variety of movement experiences, however, is important for the development of motor competence and physical fitness, which forms the foundation of participation in PA and sports later in life (51). Accordingly, physical fitness is considered a key component in the promotion of an active lifestyle throughout adolescence and into adulthood.

Given the detrimental effects of TV time on youth’s development and well-being it is necessary to educate children, adolescents and their caregivers on a proper and meaningful utilization of available media. Adolescents with set rules regarding TV and video games sleep about 30 minutes more per night and set rules about smartphones were associated with almost 20 minutes more sleep per night compared to those with no rules (52). The fact that sedentary behavior tracks from childhood throughout adolescence into adulthood (53,54) further emphasizes the importance of early intervention. Schools may provide a viable setting as they allow reaching a large number of children and adolescents, independent of their socio-economic status. Further, schools allow for an implementation of various intervention strategies at different age groups using appropriate materials. Nevertheless, parents or caregivers need to be involved as well as many forms of electronic media are predominantly used during leisure time. The utilization of sports clubs may facilitate parental involvement in regulating media time, while promoting PA. The efficacy of intervention strategies, particularly when targeting physical fitness, may generally be improved when PA and sedentary behaviors are addressed together.

Several limitations of this study, however, need to be considered when interpreting the results. Due to the cross-sectional design, a causal relationship between TV time and physical fitness cannot be established. Most likely, there is a bi-directional relationship as has been shown for the association between body weight and physical fitness (39). Further, objective information on total PA or sedentary behavior was not obtained and TV time was assessed via self-report. Physical fitness, on the other hand, has been directly measured. The utilization of a widely-used and validated test-battery along with the large sample size is a considerable strength of this study as several other large-scale studies, such as the health-behavior of school-children survey (HBSC), assessed physical fitness via questionnaire only. The large age range, covering a critical period in human development and the establishment of lifestyle patterns should also be considered a strength of this study.

Overall, results of this study indicate that a majority of children and adolescents exceed the currently recommended TV time of 2 hours/day. Previous research showed an association of high TV time with increased body weight and cardiometabolic risk, reduced quality and quantity of sleep and lower PA (22,55). Of additional concern is the inverse association of TV time with motor development and physical fitness as this is an important contributor to a sustainable healthy lifestyle. Accordingly, intervention strategies need to target sedentary behaviors such as watching TV in addition to promoting PA and physical fitness in children and adolescents. As sedentary behaviors have been shown to track over time (56), intervention programs should be implemented early in life. While schools may be the most prominent setting for intervention programs targeting health behavior in youth, sports club may provide a viable option as well due to potentially increased peer support and stronger parental involvement. Beneficial effects of club sports participation on physical fitness may further help with limiting sedentary behaviors as children and adolescents with higher fitness levels may be more likely to select active leisure behaviors.

Acknowledgments

None.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cite this article as: Greier K, Drenowatz C, Ruedl G, Riechelmann H. Association between daily TV time and physical fitness in 6- to 14-year-old Austrian youth. Transl Pediatr 2019;8(5):371-377. doi: 10.21037/tp.2019.03.03

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