Subclinical myocardial dysfunction and dyssynchrony after Ross or Ross-Konno procedure

Over recent decades advances in the management of congenital heart disease (CHD) have led to increased survival and subsequently doubled the prevalence of CHD in the paediatric population (1). Despite these advances, chronic heart failure is a leading cause of death in adult CHD patients (2,3). More than half a century has passed since the inception of the Ross procedure (4) and, as its predominantly paediatric population ages, a clear understanding of their subsequent cardiac remodelling has become increasingly relevant. Since Donald Ross performed the first aortic valve replacement with a pulmonary autograft, the procedure has remained an interesting option for aortic valve replacement. The primary population remains children and adolescents, as the pulmonary graft expands to allow for somatic growth. Whilst the number of Ross procedures had declined over time, recent analyses of long-term outcomes have suggested decreased cardiac and valve related mortality, and increased freedom from stroke and major bleeding (5,6), compared to mechanical aortic valve replacements. However, the procedure is more challenging than a standard aortic valve replacement, and concerns regarding the potential for late dysfunction of the semilunar valve have limited its uptake to a select group of centres worldwide. In 1975 the Ross procedure was first combined with the Konno aortoventriculoplasty (i.e., Ross-Konno procedure), allowing for the treatment of congenital aortic stenosis with associated sub-aortic membranes or multilevel left ventricular outflow tract stenosis (7). However, the manipulation of the interventricular septum and the mobilization and reimplantation of the coronary arteries has inherent risks of damage to the septal myocardium and conduction system, leading to the development of ventricular dyssynchrony.

The assessment of myocardial deformation, or “myocardial strain”, has become increasingly popular to more accurately estimate not only myocardial function but also mechanical ventricular dyssynchrony; the time to peak deformation allows a quantifiable way to assess the temporal variance of contraction across myocardial regions. Additionally, the widespread use of strain imaging to detect subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction has been utilised across a range of both congenital and adult non-congenital cardiology populations (8,9).

Whilst several studies have addressed myocardial strain and the relationship between mechanical and electrical dyssynchrony in CHD patients (9-12), few have done so in the vulnerable population of Ross and Ross-Konno procedure patients. Recently, Schafer et al. evaluated the mechanical and functional biventricular performance using cardiac MRI in children and young adults who underwent a Ross (n=16) or Ross-Konno (n=13) operation about 10 years prior and compared them with healthy controls with no known cardiovascular disease (13). They also assessed the degree of interventricular and intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony and investigated whether ventricular mechanical indices are associated with electrical dyssynchrony when two groups are combined.

Their findings were 5-fold. (I) Ross-Konno group had significantly higher incidence of electrical dyssynchrony (defined by a QRS duration z ≥2 for both adult and paediatric populations) compared with the Ross group (85% vs. 38%, P=0.010) as would be anticipated with greater instrumentation of the septum and significantly longer QRS interval (126±22 vs. 104±17 ms, P<0.001); (II) no intergroup differences in LV volumes were observed, yet patients in Ross and Ross-Konno groups had slightly lower ejection fraction than the control group but still being within normal range; (III) although global circumferential strain was similar among the three groups, global longitudinal strain was lower in Ross and Ross-Konno groups than the control group; (IV) the Ross-Konno group had significantly higher intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony when compared with Ross and control groups, especially in the septum; (V) a linear relationship between QRS duration and LV mechanical dyssynchrony was demonstrated when Ross and Ross-Konno groups were combined (R=0.72; P<0.001).

This study is very important for the following reasons. Although much focus has been on autograft function after Ross and Ross-Konno procedures, this research provides us with a greater understanding of cardiac remodelling affecting this population. As these patients reach middle and old age the prevalence of heart failure from conventional causes will increase; their abnormal biomechanics place them in the vulnerable position of having dyssynchronous contraction at baseline. In line, this study explicitly demonstrated reduced systolic function with increased mechanical dyssynchrony in a unique population with CMR-based deformation analysis (14). This opens up the potential effective treatment option, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in this population as well. Recent research has demonstrated that CMR end systolic septal strain, independent of QRS duration or morphology, is predictive of a response to CRT, defined as improvement in LV end systolic volume (15). Additionally, the use of CMR to further delineate the pattern of ventricular wall motion, and placement of the LV lead concordant with the least contracting LV segment, independently predicts echocardiographic response to CRT (16). This is a promising area of research in both the congenital and non-congenital heart failure population.

Whilst CRT is a well-established treatment in the adult heart failure population, evidence in the paediatric and congenital population is scarce. The challenge is to identify the patients who will obtain the greatest benefit from CRT because few paediatric patients fit Class I indications for CRT [NYHA Class III or IV symptoms, despite optimal medical therapy, with LVEF ≤35% and QRS duration >120 ms (17)]. Most patients enrolled in paediatric CRT trials are NYHA Class I or II, with concomitant indications for surgery that have prompted CRT implantation (18-20). Using the QRS duration is an imperfect tool for identifying dyssynchrony; the cut off of a QRS duration of 163 ms yields a sensitivity and specificity of only 53% to predict a clinical response in adult heart failure patients (21). Unfortunately, none had QRS >160 ms in the population, although a linear relationship between QRS duration and LV mechanical dyssynchrony suggests QRS can be a reasonable surrogate marker. Furthermore multiple studies in the paediatric cardiomyopathy population have shown that mechanical dyssynchrony is often present in the absence of electrical dyssynchrony, with no correlation between QRS duration and interventricular or intraventricular dyssynchrony (10,11).

The authors should be congratulated on their completion of comprehensive and detailed assessment on deformation and dyssynchrony in these unique populations. Nevertheless, the study has some limitations. The small sample size (n=29) may limit the generalisability of these findings, however future studies may benefit from including multiple centres with larger recruitment possibilities. Additionally, this is a cross sectional study, and as such provides us with only a snapshot of the current cardiac biomechanics, with no data on potential progression of dyssynchrony or LV dysfunction. Extrapolation of how these findings may impact future outcomes, should be made with caution as further longitudinal follow up is required to better inform clinical decision making.

Whilst the findings of Shafer et al. are exciting, there are several steps prior to its clinical implementation. First, it remains unclear what the finding of abnormal strain means for this population. Although this research demonstrated they have reduced myocardial strain, Ross and Ross Konno procedures have good long term results with a low incidence of heart failure (22). Numerous studies have demonstrated abnormal strain in a range of CHD populations, including ventricular septal defects (23), tetralogy of Fallot (12), and transposition of the great arteries (24), however the clinical significance of these findings is not always clear. In a heterogeneous adult population reduced GLS is an independent prognostic predictor of major adverse cardiac events, stronger even than LVEF (8), however whether this remains true in the Ross and Ross-Konno groups is yet to be explored. Further researches are warranted.

Acknowledgments

Funding: KN reports grants from National Heart Foundation of Australia, outside the submitted work.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.03.11). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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