Risk factors of renal trauma in children with severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura and effect of mycophenolate mofetil on pediatric renal function
Original Article

Risk factors of renal trauma in children with severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura and effect of mycophenolate mofetil on pediatric renal function

Minhui Li1, Binbin Guo2, Xue Wang3, Yingying Zhang3

1Department of Pediatrics Internal Medicine, Dongying Municipal Children’s Hospital, Dongying, China; 2Department of Nephrology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China; 3Department of Pediatrics Internal Medicine Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: All authors; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Yingying Zhang. Department of Pediatrics Internal Medicine Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, 31 Jinan Road, Dongying District, Dongying 257034, China. Email: taodao46945293832@163.com.

Background: Renal trauma (RT) is a common feature in children with severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), which can elevate the chance of recurrence and trigger end-stage renal disease. The risk factors of RT in children with HSP were explored and research was conducted on relevant treatment methods.

Methods: A total of 120 child patients with severe HSP admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected as the research cohort, and divided into a RT group (n=45) and RT-free group (n=75) according to their condition to analyze the risk factors inducing RT in pediatric patients, and mycophenolate mofetil therapy was given to both participant groups to compare their renal function indicators, immune function indicators, and adverse reaction rates (ARR) after treatment.

Results: Recurrent rash, adenovirus infection, respiratory virus infection, D-dimer level, leukocyte level, urinary albumin (UA) level, and platelet level were the risk factors of RT affecting severe HSP child patients. After treatment, the renal function indicators and immune indicators of participants in both groups were significantly better than those before treatment (P<0.05), and these indicators of the RT-free group were significantly better than the RT group after treatment (P<0.05). All participants did not experience serious adverse reactions, and no significant difference was presented when comparing the ARR between the 2 groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions: Recurrent rash, adenovirus infection, respiratory virus infection, D-dimer level, leukocyte level, UA level, and platelet level are the risk factors of RT affecting children with severe HSP, and mycophenolate mofetil can improve the renal function in pediatric patients and enhance their immunity, and is thus worthy of promotion in practice.

Keywords: Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP); renal trauma (RT); mycophenolate mofetil; renal function

Submitted Aug 30, 2021. Accepted for publication Nov 26, 2021.

doi: 10.21037/tp-21-493

Introduction

Severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a common pediatric condition, which usually involves multiple organs and leads to various degrees of purpura, abdominal pain, joint damage and other symptoms in affected children. Renal trauma (RT) is one of the most prevalent complications in severe HSP patients, and 8% of child patients with this complication will develop renal failure, which seriously affects their long-term prognosis (1-3). Currently, clinical studies have explored the risk factors of RT affecting children with HSP, and most literature has confirmed that D-dimer level and platelet level are the risk factors affecting the prognosis of children (4-6). However, there is no report on the classification of the risk factors in HSP children with RT and children without RT. Mycophenolate mofetil, which is often used in the treatment of platelet destruction and abnormal D-dimer levels, can alleviate D-dimer levels in affected children and at the same time improve their immune function, thereby normalizing leukocyte secretion. Previous studies have applied mycophenolate mofetil to the treatment of HSP children; however, the researches did not differentiate children with RT from those free of RT. Practice has shown that mycophenolate mofetil can trigger adverse reactions, and Bukulmez et al. have claimed that the adverse reactions are closely related to the application dose (7). Therefore children can be classified with or without RT, and low-dose mycophenolate mofetil can be applied to children without renal trauma to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. Based on this, to further explore the risk factors of RT affecting children with severe HSP and the effect of mycophenolate mofetil on pediatric patients’ renal function, 120 children with severe HSP admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected for the study, with the results summarized as follows. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-493).

Methods

General information

A total of 120 severe HSP children admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected as the research cohort and divided into the RT group (n=45) and RT-free group (n=75) according to their condition, with no statistical differences presenting in comparison of their general information (P>0.05), see Table 1. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) (8). The study was approved by ethics committee of Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital (approval No. 20181172) and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.

Table 1

Comparison of participant general information

Group N Gender Mean age (years) Mean body weight (kg) Pathological type
Male Female Simple Joint Mixed Renal Abdominal
RT group 45 30 15 8.12±1.21 18.21±6.51 15 10 10 2 8
RT-free group 75 40 35 8.22±1.23 18.54±6.52 20 18 12 10 15
t/χ2 2.057 0.434 0.269 0.605 0.050 0.727 2.469 0.090
P value 0.151 0.665 0.789 0.437 0.824 0.394 0.116 0.765

RT, renal trauma.

Inclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: (I) the child or their family members fully understood the study process and signed the informed consent; (II) the child was diagnosed with severe HSP for the first time (9); (III) the child presented clinical symptoms such as purpura of lower limbs and abdominal pain (10,11); and (IV) the child had stable vital signs.

Exclusion criteria

The exclusion criteria for participation in the study were as follows: (I) presence of mental problems or inability to communicate with others; (II) comorbidity of other organic diseases; (III) use of anticoagulants within 1 month before the study; (IV) presence of congenital immune diseases, or diseases such as coagulation disorders (12-15); and (V) recent administration of drugs that may cause renal function damage.

Study methods

Risk factor investigation

The basic information of the participants, including their age, gender, and symptoms, was recorded in the epidemiological investigation, during which their family members were informed of the meaning of professional terms, so as to ensure that they understood and gave relevant answers. On the day of admission, venous blood was drawn from the participants, routine blood, urine, feces tests, immunology examination, hepatic and renal function tests, and so on were conducted, and the test results were recorded.

Treatments

All participants accepted the conventional anti-coagulation and anti-infection treatment, and orally took the mycophenolate mofetil tablets (manufactured: Hangzhou Zhongmei Huadong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China; NMPA approval No. H20052083) on this basis. The clinical application dosage of the tablets was 20–35 mg/(kg·d). Considering the young age of the included children, the lowest dose was selected for children without RT, and 25 mg/(kg·d) was for children with renal trauma to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. Therefore, the dosages for the RT-free group and RT group were 20 and 25 mg/kg/d, respectively, which were taken in 2 split doses every day for 10 months.

Diagnostic criteria

HSP diagnostic criteria. Children were diagnosed with HSP if they had skin purpura without thrombocytopenia or coagulation dysfunction, accompanied by at least one of the following items: (I) diffuse abdominal pain; (II) arthritis or joint pain; (III) IgA-based immune complex deposition in tissue biopsy.

RT diagnostic criteria: (I) low fever, sore throat and fatigue in 1–3 weeks before onset; (II) typical skin purpura mainly in the limbs, possibly accompanied by abdominal pain, joint pain, joint swelling and other extrarenal manifestations; (III) renal damage, such as hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and renal insufficiency; and (IV) IgA-based immunoglobulin deposition in the mesangial area in renal biopsy, and hyperplasia of mesangial cells and matrix.

Observation criteria

  • Single factor analysis on RT affecting severe HSP children was conducted.
  • Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the high risk factors from the result of single factor analysis on RT affecting severe HSP children (16).
  • The effect of mycophenolate mofetil on renal function in children was explored. The fasting peripheral venous blood was extracted in the morning, and an automatic hematology analyzer (Germany imported automatic hematology analyzer Coatron 1800 with original reagents, NMPA Certified No. 20132402724) was used to determine the serum creatinine, urine nitrogen, D-dimer, and β2-MG levels (17).
  • The immune indexes of the two groups were compared. The fasting peripheral venous blood was extracted in the morning, and a double-diameter immunoturbidimetric analyzer (American Beckman GEM3000 with original reagents, NMPA Certified No. 20082401894) was adopted to determine the complement C3, complement C4, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels.
  • The adverse reaction rates (ARR) of participants were compared between the 2 groups, and the adverse reactions included gastrointestinal reaction, low leucocyte amount, elevated transaminase, and hepatic dysfunction.

Statistical processing

In this study, the data processing software SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA), and the illustration software GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) were used. The grouping was performed by random sampling method, and the missing values of the patients were deleted from total samples. Items included were enumeration data and measurement data, methods used were chi-squared (χ2) test and t-test, and differences were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. Logistic regression analysis was adopted for the abnormal factors (high risk factors with P<0.05) in the result of single factor analysis on RT affecting severe HSP children.

Results

Single factor analysis on RT affecting severe HSP participants

The univariate analysis showed that recurrent rash, adenovirus infection, respiratory virus infection, D-dimer level, interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, interleukin-10 (IL-10) level, leukocyte level, high density lipoprotein (HDL) level, urinary albumin (UA) level, fasting blood glucose level, coagulation index, and platelet level were the risk factors of RT affecting severe HSP participants (Tables 2,3).

Table 2

Analysis on enumeration data of RT affecting severe HSP participants

Risk factors RT group (n=45) RT-free group (n=75) χ2 P value
Gender 0.000 1.000
   Male 30 50
   Female 15 25
Age 0.640 0.424
   ≥10 years old 28 52
   <10 years old 17 23
Abdominal pain 0.000 1.000
   Yes 12 20
   No 33 55
Joint swelling and pain 0.114 0.735
   Yes 38 65
   No 7 10
Recurrent rash 5.184 0.023
   Yes 42 58
   No 3 17
Alimentary tract hemorrhage 0.056 0.813
   Yes 20 35
   No 25 40
Respiratory virus infection
   Syncytial virus infection 5 10 0.127 0.722
   Adenovirus infection 17 12 7.279 0.007
   Influenza virus infection 13 13 2.213 0.137
   No infection 10 40 11.200 0.001

RT, renal trauma; HSP, Henoch-Schonlein purpura.

Table 3

Analysis on measurement data of RT affecting severe HSP child patients (x¯±s)

Risk factors RT group (n=45) RT-free group (n=75) t P value
D-dimer (mg/L) 4.51±1.23 3.35±0.98 5.696 <0.001
IL-1β (ng/L) 64.21±5.23 62.69±5.24 1.539 0.126
IL-6 (ng/L) 55.62±5.14 53.59±4.98 2.136 0.035
IL-10 (ng/L) 58.98±3.68 56.14±3.54 4.192 <0.001
Leucocyte (x109/L) 7.14±2.15 15.89±4.25 12.845 <0.001
LDL (mmol/L) 3.42±0.35 3.35±0.32 1.120 0.265
HDL (mmol/L) 2.12±0.36 1.98±0.25 2.510 0.013
UA (mg/L) 50.65±10.11 21.56±10.58 14.824 <0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) 4.15±1.21 3.41±1.00 3.623 <0.001
Coagulation index 2.56±0.21 1.45±0.25 24.956 <0.001
Platelet (×109/L) 356.65±29.98 275.65±30.55 14.159 <0.001

RT, renal trauma; HSP, Henoch-Schonlein purpura; IL-1β; interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; UA, urinary albumin.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis on RT affecting severe HSP participants

After logistic regression analysis, it was confirmed that recurrent rash, adenovirus infection, D-dimer level, leukocyte level, UA level, and platelet level were the risk factors of RT affecting severe HSP children (Table 4).

Table 4

Multivariate logistic regression analysis on RT affecting severe HSP children

Indicators B Wald value P value OR 95% CI
Recurrent rash 1.655 20.541 <0.001 2.587 1.956–5.121
Adenovirus infection 1.215 14.567 <0.001 2.951 1.564–5.651
Respiratory virus infection 1.752 22.065 <0.001 2.657 1.258–9.124
D-dimer level 1.424 15.658 0.002 4.514 1.904–12.711
IL-6 level −1.147 63.265 0.142 0.351 0.257–4.823
IL-10 level −0.256 60.256 0.122 0.354 0.354–3.568
Leukocyte level 1.435 17.265 <0.001 3.981 2.117–7.295
HDL level −1.215 65.125 0.152 0.541 0.144–3.688
UA level 1.215 14.567 <0.001 2.951 1.564–5.651
Fasting blood glucose level −1.124 71.759 0.125 0.326 0.145–2.657
Coagulation index 0.424 2.581 0.112 1.512 0.904–2.711
Platelet level 1.158 15.685 <0.001 2.357 1.357–4.521

RT, renal trauma; HSP, Henoch-Schonlein purpura; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; HDL, high density lipoprotein; UA, urinary albumin.

Research on effect of mycophenolate mofetil on participants’ renal function

After treatment, the renal function indicators of children in both groups were significantly better than before (P<0.05), and the renal function indicators of the RT-free group were significantly better than those of the RT group (P<0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5

Research on effect of mycophenolate mofetil on participants’ renal function before and after treatment (x¯±s)

Group Serum creatinine (μmol/L) Urine nitrogen (mmol/L) D-dimer (mg/L) β2-MG (mg/L)
Before After Before After Before After Before After
RT group 105.65±12.65 86.11±7.98* 5.56±0.65 4.59±1.22* 5.20±1.11 3.45±0.58* 0.98±0.11 0.45±0.09*
RT-free group 92.65±10.68 68.98±6.88* 5.19±0.11 4.10±0.68* 4.65±0.98 2.98±0.44* 0.75±0.10 0.32±0.12*
t 6.109 12.428 4.829 2.827 2.831 5.017 11.746 6.280
P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.006 0.006 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

*, indicated P<0.05 compared with the indicator before treatment in same group. RT, renal trauma.

Comparison of participants’ immune indicators between the 2 groups

After treatment, the immune indicators in participants of both groups were significantly better than before (P<0.05), and the immune indicators of the RT-free group were significantly better than those of the RT group (P<0.05) (Table 6).

Table 6

Comparison of participants’ immune indicators before and after treatment (x¯±s)

Group Complement C3 (g/L) Complement C4 (g/L) IgA (mg/L)
Before After Before After Before After
RT group 1.68±0.32 1.32±0.11* 0.15±0.05 0.32±0.08* 2.10±0.87 1.51±0.54*
RT-free group 1.50±0.22 1.23±0.10* 0.17±0.06 0.40±0.08* 1.89±0.85 1.32±0.35*
t 3.646 4.596 1.878 5.303 1.299 2.339
P value <0.001 <0.001 0.063 <0.001 0.197 0.021

*, indicated P<0.05 compared with the indicator before treatment in same group. IgA, immunoglobulin A.

Comparison of ARR between the 2 groups

No severe adverse reactions were reported among all participants, and no statistical difference was presented when comparing the ARR between the 2 groups (P>0.05) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Between-group comparison of ARR. The horizontal axis from left to right indicates gastrointestinal reaction, low leucocyte amount, elevated transaminase, and hepatic dysfunction, and the vertical axis indicates participants (n); the black areas indicate the RT group, and the gray areas indicate the RT-free group. ARR, adverse reaction rate; RT, renal trauma.

A total of 3 participants in RT group and 1 participant in RT-free group had gastrointestinal reaction (χ2=2.483, P=0.115); 1 patient in the RT group and 1 participant in RT-free group had low leucocyte level (χ2=0.136, P=0.713); 2 participants in RT group and 1 participant in RT-free group with elevated transaminase (χ2=1.117, P=0.291); and 3 participants in RT group and 1 participant in RT-free group had hepatic dysfunction (χ2=2.483, P=0.115).

Discussion

The possibility of HSP complicated by RT is more than 60%, and this complication is an independent factor affecting the prognosis of children with severe HSP (18-20). At present, many studies have confirmed that recurrent rash and platelet levels are closely related to HSP complicated with RT. The recurrent rash implies the occurrence of allergic vasculitis, which can further induce glomerular inflammatory lesions that lead to RT in HSP children, and platelets accelerate the rate of immune complex deposition, so it is closely related to glomerular diseases. This study showed that the platelet level in HSP children with RT was significantly higher than in those without RT (P<0.001), demonstrating that under the condition of immune dysfunction, more platelets would be released from the bone marrow to maintain the amount inside the body, causing steep rise in platelet count (21-23). HSP is a disease of immune system, and its occurrence and development are closely related to immune system disorders. In the late period of HSP, the immune factor consumption in affected children decreases, at which point platelets show a downward trend, and therefore the changes in platelet level should be observed in combination with the child’s condition.

Apart from the above factors, adenovirus infection, respiratory virus infection, D-dimer level, leukocyte level, and UA level were also confirmed as risk factors of RT affecting severe HSP children via logistic regression analysis. Among them, adenovirus infection, a respiratory virus infection, was listed separately because its indicators reached the range of statistical difference. Respiratory infections are capable of uninterrupted stimulation of the immune system in children, aggravating their immune imbalance, and then causing corresponding damage to the renal basement membrane and consequent renal damage. Measurement of D-dimer is often used to detect thrombosis, and the increased presence of this substance indicates elevated blood viscosity in children and the massive accumulation of inflammatory factors at the kidney site, leading to exacerbated renal injury (24). The study results showed that pediatric participants who took mycophenolate mofetil had better IgA indicators and lower D-dimer level levels, and the positive correlation between the 2 could reflect the pathological course, namely, both the improved immune function and decreased D-dimer level could reduce RT in children, so mycophenolate mofetil could optimize their prognosis.

In the study conducted by Nikibakhsh et al., the UA level was used as an indicator to evaluate the prognosis of children because the substance could not pass through the glomerular membrane but would be absorbed by the renal tubule after RT with elevated albumin filtration level, indicating that renal injury in children could be predicted by UA level (25). This study also identified UA as a risk factor for childhood kidney injury. After immune disorders occur, the leukocyte level in children will be significantly reduced, which may be related to many factors and cannot be used alone to predict renal injury in children, so complements C3 and C4, respectively reflecting renal diseases such as nephritis and immune diseases, were selected in this study as immune response indicators, with reduced C4 indicating aggravated RT in children. The study results showed that children with RT had poorer immunity than those without RT, and so did their recovery of renal function, but the effect of mycophenolate mofetil was significant. In addition, there were no serious adverse reactions noted among all participants, indicating that the application of mycophenolate mofetil had higher safety.

In conclusion, recurrent rash, adenovirus infection, respiratory virus infection, D-dimer level, leukocyte level, and UA level are the risk factors of RT affecting severe HSP child patients, and mycophenolate mofetil can improve the renal function in children with HSP and enhance their immunity, which should be promoted in practice.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-493).

Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-493

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-493).The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by ethics committee of Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital (approval No. 20181172) and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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(English Language Editor: J. Jones)

Cite this article as: Li M, Guo B, Wang X, Zhang Y. Risk factors of renal trauma in children with severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura and effect of mycophenolate mofetil on pediatric renal function. Transl Pediatr 2021;10(12):3166-3174. doi: 10.21037/tp-21-493

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