Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of modified alveolar cleft bone graft with cone-beam CT digital imaging in children

Introduction

Second stage bone grafting is the most common method for the treatment of alveolar cleft defect. The purpose of this approach is to reconstruct the alveolar cleft defect and restore the integrity of the maxilla (1). To help the permanent teeth around the fissure erupt normally, it is essential to provide good bone support for orthodontic treatment and nasolabial deformity rectification, as this can ensure the necessary bone mass required for further implant treatment. Patients with cleft lip and palate must determine the bone mass in the alveolar process area before orthodontic treatment begins; otherwise, orthodontic treatment will cause permanent damage to the teeth near the alveolar fissure. The time of implantation should not exceed 6–8 months after bone grafting because bone absorption is intensified thereafter (2). Bone integration, the proper function of implants, and the success rate of implantation depend on local healthy bone, sufficient mass of the jaw bone, and the density of the jaw bone. Clinical evaluation of the local bone quality of the mandible before and after dental implantation is of great significance to the success of dental implantation and the recovery of implant recipients. Therefore, the efficacy of alveolar bone grafting must be determined before follow-up treatment so as to select the appropriate timing and method for treatment (3). However, no quantitative study exists concerning postoperative bone mineral density changes, and no reports on bone quality in different time periods have been published thus far. Furthermore, there is no unified standard for the postoperative evaluation of alveolar cleft bone grafting. At present, the efficacy of alveolar process bone grafting is mainly evaluated by 2D images of teeth and alveolar bone, which may include anterior maxillary occlusion film and full-mouth curved surface tomography, which are widely used due to advantages of simplicity, economy, and low radiation (4).

Due to the impact on assessment of the amplification of the irradiation area, angle deviation, overlapping of marker points, and on other areas (5), 2D X-ray film cannot reflect the changes of postoperative bone in all directions of space, and its accuracy and accuracy need to be improved. With the continuous maturity of computed tomography (CT) technology, many researchers have begun to introduce this examination technology into the study of alveolar cleft bone grafting. In some studies, CT scanning was used for the evaluation of alveolar cleft bone grafting. Indeed, many in the field believe that CT examination is more advantageous for observing and measuring bone support in the teeth surrounding the fissure (6). However, the application of conventional CT in the oral cavity is limited by its increased irradiation time and amount as well as the relatively high cost. A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) prototype is used for oral clinical application. As a more recent development in CT technology, CBCT provides higher accuracy, faster reconstruction of the bone, and a reduction in the radiometric measurement of patients (7). The noninvasive experimental method is suitable for observing the fine-structure mandibular tissue, and bone morphology measurement analysis technology is more accurate than is spiral CT (8). Preoperative CBCT was taken to evaluate the bone mass defect. For patients with postoperative 3, 6, 12 months follow-up, shooting CBCT for statistical bone defect area recovery, 12 months after the operation for statistical panoramic films modified alveolar ridge cleft graft surgery success rate, with BERGLAND alveolar ridge cleft graft for statistical classification standard, to crack side bone height and normal side alveolar ridge height ratio for the standard, It can be divided into four types: type I, the height of alveolar bone at the fissure is basically normal; Type II, the height of alveolar bone on the fissure side is at least 3/4 of the height of normal alveolar ridge; In type III, the height of alveolar bone on fissure side is less than 3/4 of normal height. Type IV, no continuous bone bridge at the fracture site. In this criterion, type I and type II are clinically successful; Type III and type IV were clinically failed. The operative success rate of different types of patients and 12 months after operation were analyzed.

Oral cone beam CT is widely used in oral medicine in recent years, it can in the coronal and sagittal and axial position and 3 d images on clear, three-dimensional and intuitively show the MB2 form and direction, can be better found in clinical, MB2, contrast oral panoramic machine, oral cone beam CT can provide three-dimensional image, meet the needs of dental clinical diagnosis and treatment. Conventional alveolar cleft bone grafting has defects such as insufficient palatal bone implant, excessive filling of lip and buccal side, shallow vestibular groove and red lip roll-in. However, it mainly focuses on the influence of various factors on graft resorption after conventional alveolar cleft bone grafting. Quantitative comparison and analysis of bone graft amount and postoperative recovery of modified alveolar cleft bone graft and conventional alveolar cleft bone graft were not conducted. However, the survival ratio of postoperative bone graft amount and postoperative surgical success rate of conventional and modified alveolar cleft bone graft were compared in this study.

In this study, CBCT scanning was performed in patients with unilateral complete alveolar cleft appearing after secondary bone transplantation. The data were directly transferred into Simplant software (Dentsply Sirona) in DICOM format, and the software was used to conduct multiplane reconstruction of the scan data to obtain 3D images of the scan area (9). Simplant software was further used to measure and analyze the bone density and height of the bone graft area at different time periods after bone grafting so as to objectively evaluate the survival of the bone graft in the operation area (10). The aim of this study was thus to determine objective measures for postoperative orthodontic and implant treatment and to provide a reference for the wider application of CBCT in clinical practice. We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-214/rc).

Methods

Study participants

From January 2015 to June 2021, a total of 140 children with unilateral complete alveolar cleft were enrolled in the Department of Oral Surgery of our hospital. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the clinical medical ethics committee of The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (No. LW-20220612001-01). Informed consent was obtained from the patients’ parents or legal guardians.

Inclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria for participants were the following: (I) the patient was not accompanied by systemic or other genetic diseases; (II) the diagnosis was unilateral complete alveolar cleft without syndrome, the patient had undergone cleft lip and palate repair and iliac autograft, with orthodontic treatment being performed before surgery; (III) the 3D reconstruction image was clear, with the operation being completed by the same surgeon; and (IV) the participant was between 0 and 12 years of age.

Exclusion criteria

Participants were excluded for any of the following reasons: (I) malignant tumor; (II) severe infection; (III) coagulopathy or diseases of the blood system; and (IV) mental disorder or uncooperative behavior.

Data collection

ProMax 3D software (Planmeca) was used to take 3D images of the bone graft site at 3 and 6 months after surgery. In order to avoid CBCT scanning error, all CBCT scanning (NewTom VGi) of the participants in this study was performed by the same radiologist, the set parameters and shooting conditions were consistent, and all participants were measured by the same surveyor. SPSS 23.0 software (IBM Corp.) was used to conduct analysis of variance for pairwise comparison between the mean and to compare the mean relative bone mineral density of the 3 measurements. When the significance level of the 3 measurements was 0.05, no significant difference was deemed to be apparent between the 2 measurements, indicating that the results of the 3 measurements had no time correlation and were unaffected by the measurement of the surveyor. In this way, the reliability and reproducibility of the measurement method in this study were ensured (Table 1).

Statistical analysis

SPSS 23 statistical software was used for statistical analysis of the following datasets: (I) the healthy side 3 months after surgery; (II) the healthy side 6 months after surgery; (III) bone mineral density at different time points from 3 to 6 months after surgery, with paired t-test being used to statistically analyze and calculate the P value. The P value <0.05 was used determine whether there was a statistical difference between each region and between the two groups (Tables 2,3).

Results

Volume of the alveolar ridge fracture defect and area of the alveolar fracture defect

Measurements of the alveolar crest fissure and the basal bone depression of the nasal wing were collected from all patients. Before and 1 year after bone grafting, the volume of the alveolar fracture defect (whole alveolar fracture defect volume) and the alveolar fracture defect area were measured using CBCT with the aid of Mimics software (Materialise). The equipment was adjusted to the patient’s natural posture. During the scan, the patients were required to breathe slowly, keep a closed-mouth position, and not clench their teeth or shake. The CBCT parameters included a single 360° rotation, a scanning time of 18 s, and a scanning layer thickness of 0.3 mm. 3D images were stored in DICOM format, and data were imported into Mimics software. For volume measurement, the following steps were performed: DICOM data of the CBCT scans were imported CT into Mimics software, the alveolar ridge fracture defect area was selected, the threshold and gray value were set, and the 3D model of the preoperative fissure defect area was reconstructed as the typical inverted pyramid shape, with the measured volume referred to as V1 (Figure 1).

Figure 1 3D model of the preoperative reconstruction of the alveolar ridge cleft defect area of the maxilla. The green part indicates alveolar crest fissure area of maxilla.

Construction of 3D alveolar bone model after bone grafting

The 3D model of the maxillary defect area was reconstructed after surgery, with the measured volume being referred to as V2; thus, the osteogenic volume of the maxillary defect area was calculated as follows: V upper = V1–V2. The same method was used to reconstruct the 3D model of the alveolar bone before surgery: the reconstruction started from the existing alveolar bone, and the volume of the defect area after reconstruction was denoted as V3. The 3D model of the alveolar bone defect area was reconstructed 1 year after surgery, and the measured volume was referred to as V4; thus, the volume of the alveolar bone defect area was calculated as follows: Volume (V) tooth =V3–V4 (Figure 2).

Figure 2 3D model of maxillary defect (A-F).

Osteogenic effect at 1 year after maxillary and alveolar bone grafting

The percentage of bone formation in the maxillary defect was only 37.75% at 1 year after bone grafting, while that in the alveolar defect was 37.75% after bone grafting, with the percentage of osteogenesis in the final year being 68.69% (Table 4).

Improved Bergland typing evaluation analysis

For vertical alveolar bone height according to the improved Bergland classification, type I was normal alveolar ridge height. In type II, the height of alveolar ridge was more than ¾ of the total alveolar height. In type III, the height of alveolar ridge was less than ¾ of the total alveolar height. Type IV was a bone bridge without bone implantation in the alveolar cleft space (Figure 3A). The distance from the healthy side of the central incisor and cusp to the crest of alveolar crest (Figure 3B); Labial bone thickness: the alveolar bone thickness 0, 1, 2, and 4 mm from the alveolar crest was measured with the bilateral central teeth and cusp as the target teeth, and was denoted as m 0–4 (Figure 3C).

Figure 3 Conical beam CT measurement (A-C). The arrow indicates Alveolar crest fissure area of maxilla. CT, computed tomography.

Discussion

Alveolar fissure bone grafting can fill and repair the gap of alveolar fissures, with the purpose being to rebuild the defect of the alveolar fissure so as to facilitate the emergence of cusp teeth (11). According to the time of bone grafting, alveolar ridge bone grafting can be divided into early stage (before 2 years old), early stage (2–5 years old), second stage (6–15 years old), and late stage (after 16 years old) (12). In this study, 8 patients were late stage II, and the remaining 12 patients were stage II, including 15 patients with tooth malformation extraction and loss of development in the bone graft area. Most patients require orthodontic and dentition repair immediately after surgery, and shortening the treatment time and improving the appearance of malformation are urgently needed by this patient group (13). Accurate evaluation of the effect of bone grafting can guide clinicians in choosing the timing of treatment (14). Most researchers believe that at 3 months after alveolar fissure bone grafting, the bone healing is basically completed, and the bone structure and alveolar height gradually enter a stable stage. Other studies have shown that the bone tissue healing process in 80% of patients has been stabilized at the bone graft site 6 months after surgery (15-17).

In the pre-experiment of this study, CBCT images of previous patients undergoing postoperative review were preliminarily analyzed (18). The postoperative bone mass of 1 to 2 patients was sufficient, but the initial measurement of bone mineral density was low. Images beyond 12 months postoperatively mostly indicated deficient bone mass. Therefore, this study selected 3 to 6 months after the operation for analysis, and the follow-up time range was controlled within 1 week before and after the operation (19). Bone mineral density reflects bone viability to a certain extent, and the measurement methods are mainly divided into qualitative measurement, semiquantitative measurement, and quantitative measurement. The qualitative measurement of bone mineral density is affected by irradiation dose, irradiation angle, observer subjectivity, and other factors, and when the mineral loss in bone is less than 30%, it can be difficult to recognize by the naked eye. The method of semiquantitative measurement of bone mineral density is usually expressed by different grades or degrees, which is not accurate and seldom used (20). Quantitative measurement methods mainly include single-photon absorption, two-photon absorption, dual energy X-ray absorption, and quantitative CT, among others. Due to the thin bone mass of alveolar bone, complex surrounding anatomical structure, narrow oral space, and expensive equipment, the application of the above methods in alveolar bone density measurement is limited (21). CT is able to visualize the 3D structure of human tissues. Many researchers have used spiral CT to measure and classify bone mineral density (22). In related studies, Simplant interactive software was used to analyze the mandibular mass in different areas of interest before implantation, and the average CT value of bone around dental implant was used to objectively classify the bone (23). However, the clinical application of conventional CT is limited due to its high radiation exposure and cost. CBCT is suitable for observing the fine structure of the mandibular hard tissue and 3D finite element analysis technology (24). Images obtained by CT scan can be reconstructed by using graphics processing software to observe and measure the images according to different needs (25). But, CBCT alveolar process cleft graft surgery incision of the labial side and the alveolar ridge top remaining mucosa tissue quantity is less, increasing the difficulty of labial side crack closure, and the lateral palatine mucosal is overmuch, easy cause soft tissue accumulation, is not conducive to the edge of healing, easy cause mucosa perforation, influence postoperative effect, and the lateral palatine mucosal surplus too much, often prone to scarring, cause oppression to the bone graft, Bone resorption occurs.

There is no unified standard for postoperative evaluation of modified alveolar cleft bone grafting in children. CBCT observation can be more widely used in future diagnosis and treatment, and the emergence of low-radiation CBCT technology and the development of 3D reconstruction technology and measurement methods will likely raise the standard and quality of alveolar bone graft classification.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the MDAR reporting checklist. Available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-214/rc

Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-214/dss

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-214/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the clinical medical ethics committee of The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (No. LW-20220612001-01). Informed consent was obtained from the patients’ parents or legal guardians.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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